Virtual Library Services for Distance Learners A Study on the Essay

Virtual Library Services for Distance Learners A Study on the Importance and Accessibility of the Support Services Available - Essay Example About 75% of colleges and universities in the United States currently offer distance learning courses at some level, with another 10% of medium and large sized institutions intending to do so in the future (Connick, 1999). According to the Western Cooperative for Educational Telecommunications in 2001, "The number of universities in the United States offering online degree courses would be an estimated 34% in the year 2002." Therefore, it is imperative that library resources and services in institutions of higher education meet the needs of all their students, wherever these students are located -- whether on a main campus, off campus, or in distance education programs. Higher learning institutions are able to describe the nature of change for distance learner's library needs, but seem less prepared to describe what changes are needed. College and university librarians are acutely aware that usage of their websites and electronic resources is growing. They observe that, since distance learners need electronic library resources, knowledge about the needs of their student users is limited (Kirby, 1999). As Pennsylvania State University ascertains, "A virtual library is a collection of information that is stored and accessed electronically. The information stored in the library should have a topic common to all the data" (2001). For example, a virtual library can be designed for computer graphics, operating systems, or networks. These separate libraries can be combined under one common interface that deals with computers, but it is essential that the information contained within each library remain separate. The purpose of a virtual library is to provide a central location for accessing information on a particular topic. The last thing a user wants to happen when he/she searches for information about computer graphics is to get information on operating systems. A virtual library must keep topics separate; otherwise it would be totally useless. A virtual library should also have a user interface that is easy to use. Definitions of distance learning vary. According to LaSalle University, in its simplest terms, distance learning takes place when the student and instructor are separated by physical distance (2005). The terms distance education and open learning are synonymous with distance learning. Distributed learning is another synonym, usually referring more specifically to programs where courses are taught online, and collaboration and virtual interaction among students in the same course are encouraged (Connick, 1999). For purposes of this study, distance learning and distance education will be used synonymously to mean that the student and the instructional source are separated by physical distance, that they may interact synchronously or asynchronously, and that course delivery methods include the use of various kinds of current technology. Virtual library and digital library also will be used synonymously to mean that a collection of information is stored and accessed electronically. The profile of a distance learner is one of an older person compared to an average person at conventional colleges and university. Thompson (1998) cites several studies that corroborate that the average age of distance learners lies

A Study On The Adkar Model Management Essay

A Study On The Adkar Model Management Essay The purpose of this report is to understand the change management and the models which the organisation faces now. The report will also provide the recommendations for the organisation that can makes the organisation become less destructive while carry out the change and provide the tools of change. The structure of the report will consist 3 parts which are literature review, case study, and recommendation. Literature Review: Kurt Lewin know its important to form an integrated approach to bring about change at the group or organizational levels and contribute a 3-step change models. Lewin (1947a) stated that change process involved three steps in order to change efficiency and they are stage 1 (unfreezing), stage 2 (moving), and stage 3 (refreezing) (Lewin, 1947). Unfreezing step means make the correct situation for change to happens (London Management Centre, n.d.). Lewin argued that the stability needs to be weakened which means unfrozen (take away the old behaviour can be that lead to a new behaviour successfully adopted). Schein (1996) argued that the key for unfreezing is to recognise the individual or group level change and it were a profound psychological dynamic process. Moving stage is to create inspiration to learn but does not essentially control or predict the direction (Schein, 1996). Organisation should find out all the forces at work and identify and evaluate in order to get all the available options from trial or error basis (Lewin, 1947a). However, Lewin (1947a) also recognized that, without reinforcement, change will not last forever. The last stage of the model is refreezing. This stage is to recreate a stable atmosphere and elevates comfort levels by reconnecting people back into their familiar place (London Management Centre, n.d.). This is important as changes to individual behaviour will not be sustained unless group norms and routines are also been transformed and set. Therefore, it often requires changes to organizational norms, culture, practices and policies (Cummings and Huse, 1989). 3 steps model gives manager a framework that how to implement a change efficient, which can make the change process carried out fluently. The Kurt Lewin model can help a leader do the following three steps that helps to minimize the disruption of the structures operations, make a radical change, and make sure that the changes is sustainable (Morrison, 2010). Many have is argued that Lewins planned approach is too simplistic and mechanistic as organizational change happens everyday and open-ended process nowadays (Dawson, 1994 e Garvin, 1993). Lewin is seen as advocating a top-down, management approach to change and ignore the situations that require bottom-up change (Dawson, 1994). Lewins 3 steps change model can be used if there is a short term goals to meet and celebrate (Kotter, 1996). This is because people will start to resist to change if there is no short term wins. Lewin stated that organisations should establishing the goals and objectives. Organisation should reward people that involved with recognition, promotion or money (Kanter, 1993). 3 steps change model is more construct than content driven, describing competence using language such as team working, problem solving, and effective communication (French, 1999). Prosci had published ADKAR change model in 1998. The ADKAR model is used to know the change at an individual level and this will helps the organisation increase the successful rate for the changes (Hiatt, 2006). The model consist five elements that makes the changes successful: Awareness of the necessarily for change. Desire to do the change. Knowledge on change. Ability to carry out new skills and behaviors. Reinforcement to maintain the change. (Warrilow, 2010) The ADKAR model can helps to find out why changes are not functioning and help the organisation take the essential steps to make the change successful. Organisation will be able to break down the change into parts that can understand where the change is not functioning and address that impact point (Change Management Learning Center, 2007). The limitation for ADKAR model is fails to see the macro level of programme management (Warrilow, 2010). The author points out that the business environment now the restructuring, refocusing and re-engineering is only the start. Business leaders have to face the equally as it will have more problems of getting the staff to deliver their new vision that achieve the revenue forecasts. The fact is that people are not similar in the ways they behave. In this case, I will use Proscis ADKAR model. This is because Lewins 3 step model is too simple as what Dawson and Garvin highlighted and its not suitable for a big organisation that has high innovation. Therefore, its important for the organisation to identify the change element in order to make the change become efficient. Case Study: The model that the organisation used is the Prosci ADKAR model. Stuart Young dare to make the big change while the other organisations do not. Stuart Young consist of the 5 elements of ADKAR models which are awareness, desire, knowledge, ability and reinforcement. The people within the organisation have the awareness of the need for change. Stuart makes the organisation struct become flatter. This helps the communication become more efficient. There are only less people beneath them. There is no foreman and supervisor. The team leaders will have the meeting with their group members and talk about the work that they done yesterday. People need to analyse it and then have the change. Commitment can be build easily by this way and make sure the people aware to change for better quality. The people within the organisation have the desire to change. For an example, the manager will not criticise their workers. This makes them have more responsible. They need to do well for motivate the people. The motivating will makes the employee have more desire to change when there is needed. The individuals of the organisation have the knowledge of how to change. Management personnel at Interlock are all expected to undertake re-training at least the course per year. The people will be trained and put at the right position. This will make the change become more efficient as the people have the knowledge and work at the place that are most suitable for them. The people must also have the ability to change and the employee have the ability. The employee has more responsible to do their job. This means that they need to deal with more problems. This makes them know how to do more things and have the ability to change when needed. The education systems also help to improve their ability. This is the reason Stuart Young believe in his employee. Lastly, there is a reinforcement to sustain the change. Stuart Young knows how to reinforce their employee although there are no incentive programs. Instead of the incentive programs, Stuart Young ensures the employees job security as job security is foremost in workers minds nowadays. This will make the employee willing to change while maintain the quality. A good leadership is needed in order to makes the changes become more efficient. This will also utilise the ADKAR model. Transformational leadership style should be used in order to make the changes efficient. Transformational leadership is leaders who encourage people to transcend their own self-interest and who are capable of having profound and extraordinary effect on their staff (Robbins, Millet, Waters-Marsh, 2004). According to Chemers (1997), transformational leadership have 4 factors: -Individualise consideration (degree to which the leaders treat each followers in a way that is equitable and satisfying, but differentiated from other followers). Inspiration motivation (reflect the quality and emotional appeal of the leaders vision rather than what public said). Intellectual stimulation (leader encourages the follower to question past ideas and supports subordinate to think independently and creatively). idealized influence / Charisma (reflects follower perceptions that the leader is trustworthy to achieve an important vision). Transformational leaders make the vision or mission of the group become clearer that will generate satisfied and innovative culture within workplace and personalise their interaction with others (Parry, 1996). Many people might like the transactional leadership style. The transactional leadership style has totally difference style compare to transformational leadership style. Transactional leadership style is to lead or stimulate people by clarifying the role and task requirement (Robbins et al., 2004). However, transformational is more towards the intangible factors while transactional leadership style is more tangible factors. Therefore, its better to have the transformational leadership style instead of the transactional leadership style as the people will always demand more. A research shows that transformational leadership style is better than transactional leadership style (Chemers Ayman, 1993). In this situation, the 4 factors of transformational leadership will improve the five elements (Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability, and Reinforcement) and thus makes the changes become more effective. The organisation has the ability to change. If the organisation can implement the transformational leadership style well, the organisation will sure change efficiently as the leadership can lead the organisation to have the particular elements to change well. Recommendations: Every organisations need to change when needed. However, its impossible for the organisation closes their business and carries out the changes. Therefore, some actions need to be taking in order to become less destructive. Change is a messy business that filled with complexity, multiple factors and many things that can lead the organisation towards failure. There are 3 broad areas that need to be included in any successful change initiative and have less destructive to the organisation, which are: Leadership that directly addresses the different dimensions of those affected by the change, and the motivation. Address the multiple factors of the models which is ADKAR models. Action management that can helps people on the matter that is useable for the change. (Warrilow, 2010) In order to do well in this, the tools of change can be used to make the change become better. There is a tool that can managing meeting and collecting ideas is brainstorming. Brainstorming is a technique that enables a team to generate lots of ideas in only a few minutes without criticism and judgement (Queensland Health, 1999). Brainstorming encourages people in identifying the cause and solutions to the problems. This can get a large group to work constructively together and solve the problem during the change process. Total Quality Management (TQM) is other tool of change. TQM refers to a management process directed at establishing organised continuous improvement activities, involving everyone in an organisation in a totally integrated effort toward improving performance at every level (Almaraz, 1994: 9). This will makes organisation make the change with full force that makes the change become more efficient. The implementation of TQM involves: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ focus on work processes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ explicit identification and measurement of customer (both internal and external) requirements à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ analysis of variability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ use of cross-functional teams à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ management by fact à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ learning and continuous improvement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ use of process-management heuristics The other tool is organisatinal development. The term organisational development (or OD) is a set of behavioural science-based theories, values, strategies, and techniques aimed at the planned change of organisational work setting for the purpose of enhancing individual development and improving organisational performance, through the alteration of organisational members on-the-job behaviours that are definitely helps a lots for the change process. (Porras and Robertson, 1992: 722) OD interventions view different aspects of this setting as levers for change that are able to prompt desired behaviours. These include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ organising arrangements which include goals, strategies, structure, policies and procedures, administrative systems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ social factors which include culture, management style, interaction processes, individual attributes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ physical setting which include ambience, interior design, space configuration, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ technology which include IT, tools, equipment and machinery, job design, work flow design, technical expertise, technical systems and procedures. With enough development, the people will always have the sufficient skill that will helps them manage well in change process. Conclusion: The report had provides the 2 difference change models which are Lewins 3 step model and Proscis ADKAR model. The case shows that the organisation has the ability to change well. Its better for them to have transformational leadership to make the change become more efficient. The recommendations that provided are: Less Destructive ways Leadership that directly addresses the different dimensions of those affected by the change, and the motivation. Address the multiple factors of the models which is ADKAR models. Action management that can helps people on the matter that is useable for the change. Tools of change Brainstorming Total Quality Management (TQM) Organisational Development

The Scarlet Letter 9 :: essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, had many various turning points. The most interesting to me were the  ³scaffold scenes. ² Each had its own exciting moments. It kept the story moving. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the  ³scenes ² as major turning points.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In chronological order, the first  ³scaffold scene ² was what started the novel. The book opened right where Hester and Pearl were on the scaffold. In this scene, Hester and her baby are standing on the scaffold in front of the entire village. Everyone one is staring and whispering. She is bearing a strange symbol on her bosom. This symbol is a large letter  ³A. ² It is quite fancy. But the letter is not something to be proud of. As Hester is standing there holding her baby, Pearl, she spots a very strange man moving through the crowd of people. The man stares at her. Hester acts like she has some connection with this strange man. Hester and the man look at each other as if they have known each other before. They are more than acquaintances.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This scene is a turning point because it introduces you to the scarlet letter. The letter is what the entire book revolves around. All of the events are based on the letter and what it symbolizes in the story. Hester is bearing it for the first time. The letter means adultery. The scene is also a turning point because it shows the connection with the strange man (Roger Chillingworth.) Roger Chillingworth is a new character being introduced. The hidden relationship between Hester and Chillingworth will lead to many events and turn the story in a different direction that is not just about the scarlet letter, but about Hester ¹s past.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second  ³scaffold scene ² is also a very big turning point. This is where Hester, Pearl (who has matured over the amount of time), and Dimmesdale (the village ¹s minister) are holding each other ¹s hands on the town ¹s scaffold at night with no one seeing them. Dimmesdale is the man who has had the affair with Hester. No one in the story knows this yet. As the three stand there on the scaffold, Pearl asks Dimmesdale to stand with them on the scaffold the next day in front of the village. Dimmesdale refuses to do so. He does not want anyone to know about his affair with Hester. He is trying to keep his reputation intact.

James Fowler’s “Stages of Faith” Essay

In response to James Fowler’s â€Å"Stages of Faith†, I have to agree with a majority of these stages. With assumption that there are no social, physical or mental deficiencies, his stages are appropriate with life development. As I read his stages of life, I found myself giving him credit for a â€Å"rule of thumb† or â€Å"generally speaking† type of tone. Stage 0 is a predictable stage of life. â€Å"Primal or Undifferentiated† their faith is characterized by an early learning of the safety of their environment consisting of warmth, safety and secure vs. hurt, neglect and abuse. In all cultures and communities this is very common. As I read onto stage 1, this is where I started to not disagree, however extend the stages beyond his age interpretations. Stage 1 is a stage that does not just symbolize ages three to seven. Rather, their whole life in some say. Stage 1, â€Å"Intuitive-Projective†, can be developed into late adulthood until an image is created. Stage 2 seems to be the most fun we come across as parents. The name should really be called the â€Å"Imagination† stage. They imagine wild stories of consequences, illogical reality and really a misinterpreted way of life. However, their faith is fun and completely interesting to listen to how they filter messages. Stage 3 of â€Å"Synthetic-Conventional† I could not agree with more. At my stage in life, I find myself sitting pretty in Stage 4; â€Å"Individuative-Reflective† faith. This stage of faith is based off of experiences in life and how to best adapt and relate to each item. Unfortunately this stage is also distracted with the responsibilities of life. In stage 4 we are raising kids, starting careers, buying houses, and finding a harsh reality of life. While it very fun and exciting, faith can take a back seat and not a priority. Stage 5, the mid-life crisis is occurring more and more often. My father in law, after 33 years packed up and left this past thanksgiving for selfish reasons he admits to. There comes a point in life that after stage 4 is complete and your job, whether raising kids, paying off houses, cars or raising kids comes to an end, you can become confused on the controllables and uncontrollables life. This takes us to the final stages of life. Stage 6, or the

Poem Comparison Essay

All four poems that I read are related in their purposes and goals; however, they are also very different. â€Å"Lucinda Matlock† by Edward Lee Masters, â€Å"Chicago† by Carl Sandburg, â€Å"Richard Cory† by Edwin Arlington Robinson, and â€Å"We Wear the Mask† by Paul Laurence Dunbar are all about the joys and sorrows of life. How we look at life makes life good or bad. â€Å"Lucinda Matlock† is a story of a woman, who, by some standards, would have a life that we consider a mediocre. However, the narrator of the poem says that it was a good life and that life can only be truly appreciated if it is taken from you. â€Å"Chicago† by Carl Sandburg is the most closely related poems to â€Å"Lucinda Matlock†. In the poem, the people of this city are dirty, â€Å"evil†, and happy. The people are not saying to themselves, â€Å"Well, my life is horrible because this is where I live and this is my underpaying job†. They are laughing and joyous because they have life. â€Å"Chicago† is unlike â€Å"Lucinda Matlock† because Carl Sandburg’s depiction of life in Chicago is so much more cynical than that of Master’s more optimistic characterization and depiction of life in the world. â€Å"Richard Cory† is a poem about an aristocratic man that under- appreciates life, and, as a result commits suicide. The narrator talks about how envious he/she is of Richard Cory. Only in the very end do they mention the fact that he is actually a very sad man. This poem is a representation of the front that some people put up to hide their inner selves due to embarrassment or many other feeling of despair. Finally, we read â€Å"We Wear the Mask† by Paul Laurence Dunbar. This is very similar to â€Å"Richard Cory† in its message. The message is again that there are some who sometimes cloister their inner selves behind a barrier of a fake personality. In the poem, Dunbar writes: â€Å"Nay, let them only see us while/ We wear the mask/ We smile, but oh great  Christ, our cries/ To Thee from tortured souls arise.† The second part of the quotation says that they have tortured souls. They smile to hide their pain and they cry to Christ for help. All of the poems share the common theme that â€Å"life is what you make it† and that people often hide their true identity behind a false one (As shown in â€Å"Richard Cory†, â€Å"We Wear the Mask†, and â€Å"Chicago†). Though the final two poems mentioned have more in common with each other than they do with the first couple poems that were talked about in class, all of the poems are similar in their ultimate subject matter.

Shepard Fairey, the Controversial Street Artist

Shepard Fairey, the Controversial Street Artist Often described as a Street artist, Shepard Faireys name first began to appear in the news for wheat pasting (a method of adorning public spaces with the artists own posters by way of a water and wheat mixture- like a wallpaper paste), sticker tagging, and the numerous accompanying arrests that now comprise his official criminal record. Hes best known for his painting of Obama in 2008  titled Hope  and his poster from 1992 titled Obey, which inspired a clothing line of the same name. I think the Obey icon image finds a balance between goofy and creepy, humorous and monolithic. I consider the image the counter-culture Big Brother. Id like to think of it as a sign or symbol that people are watching Big Brother as well. Ive had people ranging from anarchists to the president of the National Reserve Bank embrace my work and I think the more diverse the audience is, the more potential for interesting dialogue there is.- Stepard  Fairey Early Life and Training Shepard Fairey was Frank Shepard Fairey born on February 15, 1970, in Charleston, South Carolina. The son of a physician, Shepard Fairey fell in love with making art at age 14. After graduating from the prestigious Idyllwild School of Music and the Arts in Idyllwild, California in 1988, he was accepted at the Rhode Island School of Design. (If youre not familiar with this fine institution, RISD is almost ridiculously hard to get into and enjoys a sterling reputation as a training ground for working artists.) Fairey graduated in 1992 with a B.F.A. in Illustration. From the Street to Art While attending RISD, Fairey had a part-time job in a Providence skateboarding shop. The marginalized, underground culture there (where styles are out as soon as theyre in) synthesized with that rarified art school culture and Faireys ongoing interests in punk music and stenciling his own punk music t-shirts. Everything meshed on the day a friend asked him how to create a stencil. Fairey demonstrated with a newspaper ad for a professional wrestling match featuring Andre the Giant which was the most banal image he could have grabbed. Tantalizing what if possibilities began to cross Faireys mind. It came to pass that Fairey, who had only recently become aware of Graffiti Art, took his Obey stencils and stickers to the streets. Andre the Giant famously gained a posse and Faireys name was launched. Controversy Around Faireys Work Fairey has often been accused of plagiarizing other artists work. In some cases, even casual examination of these claims shows almost verbatim copying with little transformation. While some of the older, political propaganda works are in the public domain, others are not. The real issue seems to be that Fairey copyrights these appropriations, enforces his copyrights and profits from them. There are a lot of different people who’s  [sic]  work I like that arent necessarily aesthetic influences, but conceptual- and there are some that are aesthetic. I’m inspired by John VanHammersfeld who did a lot of psychedelic poster graphics and one of my earliest Obey Giant graphics was my knock of his iconic Hendrix graphic. My work is very much a melting pot of a lot of different influences.- Stepard  Fairey Fairey also disappointed a segment of his fans by not remaining a cult figure and beginning to make money as an artist. Conversely, his messages calling for social and political change are sincere, he donates heavily to causes and he keeps a staff of assistant artists gainfully employed. Many parallels can be drawn between Faireys image sources and those of Andy Warhol, who is now celebrated in the art world. Only time will tell if Fairey attains Warholian status, but he gained a lasting place in history for the HOPE poster during Barack Obamas 2008 Presidential campaign. Sources Fairey, Shepard. E Pluribus Venom.Berkeley : Gingko Press, 2008. Fairey, Shepard. Obey: Supply Demand : The Art of Shepard Fairey.Berkeley : Gingko Press, 2006. MacPhee, Josh. Stencil Pirates.New York : Soft Skull Press, 2004. Shepard Fairey (biography at thegiant.org)Retrieved 27 January 2009

Free Essays on Ethnocentism

How do you learn about another culture without passing negative judgments on areas that are different? This is the main question for me regarding ethnocentrism. I grew up in three different countries within three different cultures and I luckily learned how to suspend judgments in other people’s practices in order to understand their own culture. As a war refuge, I’ve experienced many horrible things and unjustified judgments about my own culture. I don’t want to go in details about it, but I also don’t want anybody to experience what I did. Based on everything I went through, as an adult, I am doing my best to respect every culture and their practices even if they differ from my own culture’s point of view. Let me explain a recent magazine article written by Serbian journalist. The conflict between three nations in Bosnia (Serbs, Croats and Muslims) led to a war that took countless number of lives. Everything that happened in those five years of war was caused by ethnocentrism and hate. People just didn’t want to accept each other the way they are. The writer of this article is trying to say how everything â€Å"his† people (Serbs) do is right and whatever others do is wrong. Here, we can see a typical illustration of ethnocentrism, â€Å" Seeing the success of Croatian Nazis in turning the clock back to 1941, Islam fundamentalist Muslims of Bosnia are trying to turn the clock even further back into the Balkan past. They are trying to turn the clock more than 100 years back. Back to the time when Bosnia was part of Turkish Empire.... And non-Muslims were only second class citizens†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.† This article contributed a great deal to cultural misunderstanding about Croats and Muslims If anyone who’s not from those surroundings reads this article, they are going to think that Muslims and Croats in Bosnia are some kind of animals. I am from th... Free Essays on Ethnocentism Free Essays on Ethnocentism How do you learn about another culture without passing negative judgments on areas that are different? This is the main question for me regarding ethnocentrism. I grew up in three different countries within three different cultures and I luckily learned how to suspend judgments in other people’s practices in order to understand their own culture. As a war refuge, I’ve experienced many horrible things and unjustified judgments about my own culture. I don’t want to go in details about it, but I also don’t want anybody to experience what I did. Based on everything I went through, as an adult, I am doing my best to respect every culture and their practices even if they differ from my own culture’s point of view. Let me explain a recent magazine article written by Serbian journalist. The conflict between three nations in Bosnia (Serbs, Croats and Muslims) led to a war that took countless number of lives. Everything that happened in those five years of war was caused by ethnocentrism and hate. People just didn’t want to accept each other the way they are. The writer of this article is trying to say how everything â€Å"his† people (Serbs) do is right and whatever others do is wrong. Here, we can see a typical illustration of ethnocentrism, â€Å" Seeing the success of Croatian Nazis in turning the clock back to 1941, Islam fundamentalist Muslims of Bosnia are trying to turn the clock even further back into the Balkan past. They are trying to turn the clock more than 100 years back. Back to the time when Bosnia was part of Turkish Empire.... And non-Muslims were only second class citizens†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.† This article contributed a great deal to cultural misunderstanding about Croats and Muslims If anyone who’s not from those surroundings reads this article, they are going to think that Muslims and Croats in Bosnia are some kind of animals. I am from th...

Presidents Without a College Degree

Presidents Without a College Degree There are very few presidents without college degrees in American history. Thats not to say there havent been any, or that its impossible to work in politics without a college degree. Legally, you can be elected president of the United States  even if you didnt go to college.  The U.S. Constitution  does not set forth any education requirements for presidents.   But its a  pretty extraordinary achievement for a president without a college degree to be elected today. Every chief executive elected to  the White House in modern history  has held at least a bachelors degree. Most have earned advanced degrees or law degrees from Ivy League schools. In fact, every president since George H.W. Bush has held a degree from an Ivy League university.   Bush was a graduate of Yale University. So was his son, George W. Bush, the 43rd president, and Bill Clinton. Barack Obama got his law degree from Harvard University. Donald Trump, the billionaire real-estate developer and businessman elected president in 2016, graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, another Ivy League school. The trend is clear: not only do modern presidents have college degrees, but theyve also earned degrees from the most elite universities in the United States. But it wasnt always common for presidents to have earned degrees or even attended college. In fact, educational attainment wasnt a prime consideration among voters. Education of Early Presidents Fewer than half of the nations first 24 presidents held college degrees. Thats because they just didnt need to. For much of the nation’s history a college education was a prerequisite for the rich, well-connected or both; of the first 24 men who became president, 11 had not graduated from college at all (though three of those had attended some college without earning a degree), wrote  Drew DeSilver, a senior writer at the Pew Research Center. The most recent president without a college degree was Harry S. Truman, who served until 1953. The 33rd president of the United States, Truman attended business college and law school but graduated from neither. List of Presidents Without College Degrees George Washington: The nations first president never took college courses but did earn a  surveyors certificate.James Monroe: The nations fifth president attended William Mary College but didnt graduate.Andrew Jackson: The seventh president did not attend college.Martin Van Buren: The nations eighth president did not attend college.William Henry Harrison: The ninth president of the United States  attended both  Hampden-Sydney College and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; he didnt graduate from either.Zachary Taylor: The nations 12th president did not attend college.Millard Fillmore: The 13th president did not attend college.Abraham Lincoln: The 16th president did not attend college.Andrew Johnson: The 17th president did not attend college.Grover Cleveland: The 22nd president did not attend college.William McKinley: The 25th president took courses at both Allegheny College and Albany Law School but did not graduate from either.Harry S. Truman: The 33rd presiden t took courses at Spaldings Commercial College  and the University of Kansas City School of Law but didnt earn degrees from either. Why Presidents Need College Degrees Now Even though nearly a dozen U.S. presidents - including some very successful ones - never earned degrees, every White House occupant since Truman has earned at least a bachelors degree. Would the likes of Lincoln and Washington be elected today without degrees? Probably not, wrote  Caitlin Anderson on CollegePlus, an organization that works with students to earn degrees.  Our information saturated society believes education must take place in the traditional classroom setting. Having a college degree makes candidates attractive. It makes anyone attractive. It’s essential.

Charismatic Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Charismatic Leadership - Research Paper Example In the past Kurt Lewin has introduced three major styles of leadership, i.e. Authoritarian or autocratic, Participative or democratic and Delegative or Free Reign. However with the changing times and changing needs, there have also been a number of newer leadership models that have been developed. Some of these include the transactional, transformational, creative, corrective, change, multicultural, Pedagogical, Servant, and last but not the least Charismatic leadership. The leadership strategies adopted by an individual defines the leadership style of the person. The main aim of this report is to identify and discuss about the newer leadership styles and how they impact the real life organization problems. The main style in focus here is Charismatic leadership. The report will include a brief overview of the traditional concepts and approaches to leadership. A thorough analysis of the concept of charismatic leadership, history of the method, and how charismatic leadership relates to general theories will be made in the paper. Over the years, there have been numerous theories that have been developed for the different leadership approaches. Authors and experts in the field have provided a range of different styles and techniques of leadership. Here a brief overview of these styles has been developed followed by a detailed study of the charismatic leadership. Over the years, leadership literature has evolved and gained a number of schools of thoughts. These have grown from Great man theory and trait theory to the transformational leadership theory. These theories were developed with focus only on the characteristics and behavior of the leaders however; this has not begun to also take into account the role of the followers in terms of the leadership. To understand to a greater extent, the following table provides a clear presentation of the journey from the Great man theory and trait theory to the transformational leadership theory. This

Public Broadcasting Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Broadcasting Service - Essay Example The lingering question is how can PBS best position themselves to compete with broadcast networks and non-premium cable channels. With the rules of corporate underwriting having changed and with the public funding of PBS slashed with the arrival of Republican control of Congress and the White House, public broadcasting finds itself moving toward the acceptance of standard advertising techniques. The demographics of those who watch PBS strongly suggest that there will always be sponsors who wish to exploit that high end buying power. All of this does not mean that PBS needs to position itself to act like other TV selling organizations, however. Viewers of PBS are accustomed to a minimum of advertising and a prime selling point is the lack of interruption of those programs except for the semi-annual fundraising drives. To venture PBS toward a situation in which a Masterpiece Theater production of a Dostoyevsky novel is interrupted for commercials for tampons or beer would be to risk losing a primal attraction for the very audience seeking out that kind of prestige programming.

Evaluation of research methodologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evaluation of research methodologies - Essay Example The supply chain is a vital topic for most of the practitioners and researchers. However, the main concerns constraining the full and complete use of the concept of supply chain management research has been the construct taking its own meaning that depends on the subjectivity of an individual and the different points if views. Therefore, there is a need for most of the researchers to operationalize and measure what actually supply chain integration means (Clarke 2005). Over the past years, one of the major themes in the supply chain literature has always been the integration as a key factor in achieving improvements. The general idea, in this case, is that the integrative practices and the high level of integration have a great impact positively on the performance of corporate and supply chain. Recent empirical work shows evidence that is convincing for the relationship between performance and integration. Although some of these studies might come under criticism for using a limited description of integration, more problems are more fundamental in both the empirical and the theoretical integration work. In future researches, there is the need for coming up with sound constructs and methodologies that are adequate to help us understand the existing relationship between the performance of supply chain and the integrative practices2. When choosing the best method for research strategy, there are several tradeoffs that are in control, realism, and the generalizability. Quantitative methods of research optimize control and generalizability that s external validity, whereas the qualitative method of research maximizes on realism, which is the internal validity. Scholars of logistics do agree that supply chain management and logistics are steeped in the paradigm of positivism, and the past research is primarily normative and quantitative (Mangan , Lalwani , and Gardner 2004).

The Measures to Ensure Compliance and Smooth Running of the Cadsolar Case Study

The Measures to Ensure Compliance and Smooth Running of the Cadsolar Inc - Case Study Example The company should have a higher liability policy to ensure that if an employee does a wrong in the line of duty the company is liable which is under the doctrine of respondeat superior. This is where the actions of an employee acting within the scope of employment the employer will be held liable for their actions. Larry an employee of Cadsolar battered and falsely imprisoned Antonie after he discovered that he had indicated all Cadsolar’s information in the term sheet but Antonie did not disclose any information regarding Pathways Lighting. The government requires companies to have strategies that prohibit bribery and corruption to avoid future instances like experienced when opening a company where they recommend transparency2. For instance, during formation of Cadsolar Inc. SSC demanded 15% of equity for every invention created by the company so as to allow the opening of Cadsolar Company. Cadsolar Company should ensure that there is enough cash flow to avoid using money set aside for income tax that is emitted from the employees’ accounts in order to avoid penalties from Internal Revenue Service. Cadsolar Company tried to pay Antonie for the damages that were caused by Larry with the money meant to pay Internal Revenue Service. Cadsolar Company had opted to hire contractors instead of employees because they wanted to evade paying taxes which would have amounted to fines and penalties. Hiring employees would be expensive for the company because it would have catered for the insurance but contractors are not insured by the hiring company. It is a fundamental rule that any company that has more than twenty employees should put in place a policy ensuring that no discrimination exists whether by race, sex, color, religion, or sexual harassment and any other element that would amount to discrimination.  

Online Promotion Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online Promotion Management - Essay Example 2) The five steps for controlling include, establishing clear standards, monitoring, and recording, compare results against standards, communicate results and If needed, take the corrective action (Nickel et al 78). You will then send the feedback to check if the standards are realistic. If not you will have to start the process again. These steps will be essential when being implemented with a telecommuter in order to establish authority and eligibility. It also provides the initial steps for initiating telecommuting from the employees or management. The telecommuter should have a history reliable and responsible discharge of their work duties, a full understanding of the operations, pursue high quality work product and establish priorities with regard to effective time management. 3) Telecommuting changes the skills of first level supervisors to be able to harmonize the demands of management and collective workforce. It is able to allow the lowest level managers to use their levers and influence their position to improve the whole organization. There is the positive development as the first level supervisors have more influence in productivity, product quality and good labor relationships in the company (Nickel et al 72). 1) The video of Chapter nine talks about production and operation management. It talks about Ball Brother Glass MGC Co. Who made containers for paint and changed to a more form contemporary packaging. The Ball Co. get a lot of revenue from beverage and food container. On production, they use aluminum to make the can. Factors that affect production includes location, Ball Co. has over 30 manufacturing companies that are close to the customer. They also employ just in time inventory to reduce the cost of warehousing. Quality control is also helpful in ensuring that the customers get the best from this company.

Human Skin Pigmentation As Adaptive Evolution Term Paper

Human Skin Pigmentation As Adaptive Evolution - Term Paper Example Skin hairlessness evolved due to the need for body heat loss from the skin surface through thermoregulation, especially under hot conditions or intense UV radiation (Jablionski 2012: 47). Thermoregulation increases skin hairlessness through evolution of epidermal cells, such as keratins and stratum corneum, which reduce the permeability of the skin and enhance resistance to abrasion and microbial attacks (Bruckner-Tuderman and Has 2014). There is high correlation between human skin pigmentation and UV radiation, whereby skin reflectance is more correlative in autumn than summer levels of UV radiation. The ability of the human skin to produce melanin helps in the adaptability to UV radiation, and thermoregulation. The adaptation of hominins, which lived in hot environments and intense radiation, was characterized by skin hair loss on exposed skin due to the necessity of heat loss for effective brain functioning for the primates. Primates had intense metabolism and brain activity, and hence the natural skin evolution and adaptability for effective heat loss (Jablionski 2012). Intense skin hair hinders thermoregulation and functionality of the eccrine sweat glands, and hence there is need for skin pigmentation to help in effective thermoregulation and controlled creation of vitamin D (Aranow 2011). Conclusion Body heat regulation is vital for any human or mammal and is highly influenced by skin pigmentation, skin hair, and environmental factors (Bruckner-Tuderman and Has 2014). The exposure to UV radiation is vital in the increment of vitamin D in the body that is vital for metabolism (Jablionski 2012).

Online Promotion Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online Promotion Management - Essay Example 2) The five steps for controlling include, establishing clear standards, monitoring, and recording, compare results against standards, communicate results and If needed, take the corrective action (Nickel et al 78). You will then send the feedback to check if the standards are realistic. If not you will have to start the process again. These steps will be essential when being implemented with a telecommuter in order to establish authority and eligibility. It also provides the initial steps for initiating telecommuting from the employees or management. The telecommuter should have a history reliable and responsible discharge of their work duties, a full understanding of the operations, pursue high quality work product and establish priorities with regard to effective time management. 3) Telecommuting changes the skills of first level supervisors to be able to harmonize the demands of management and collective workforce. It is able to allow the lowest level managers to use their levers and influence their position to improve the whole organization. There is the positive development as the first level supervisors have more influence in productivity, product quality and good labor relationships in the company (Nickel et al 72). 1) The video of Chapter nine talks about production and operation management. It talks about Ball Brother Glass MGC Co. Who made containers for paint and changed to a more form contemporary packaging. The Ball Co. get a lot of revenue from beverage and food container. On production, they use aluminum to make the can. Factors that affect production includes location, Ball Co. has over 30 manufacturing companies that are close to the customer. They also employ just in time inventory to reduce the cost of warehousing. Quality control is also helpful in ensuring that the customers get the best from this company.

Persuasive reseach paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Persuasive reseach paper - Essay Example If a person goes against the nature or predetermined notions linked to the dog’s breed, it is an obvious phenomenon to face the negative reaction from that creature. In this context, judging the dog or any other animal as vicious or even dangerous does not qualify. The owner is somehow responsible for the dog’s negative reaction and not the guiltless animal. Before keeping a dog as a pet, the owner must read and research about that breed of dog. If there are certain factors which may hinder with the natural priorities of the dog, the owner should dismiss the idea of keeping it. The food requirements, living requirements, taming needs as well as attention requirements differ from one breed of dog to the other. Pit Bull dogs are not born to fight but they are tamed and motivated to do so. The recent incident where owner was accused of malnourishment of the Pit Bull dogs is linked to the NFL star Michael Vick. Vick has been found guilty of being cruel with animals when Pit Bull dogs were observed to be mistreated in his territory. The pit Bull dogs are observed to be wounded by fighting and were found to be half-starved. They were not taken care as was observed by their health and apparent condition. Vick was also accused of burying Pit Bulls on his property that lost their lives due to extremely violent fighting wounds. The example of Vick’s cruelty is evident in explaining how dogs are misused and misguided to perform cruel acts. It is obviously not the dog’s will to fight and get those serious wounds but for the entertainment and pleasure of the owner, the dogs are tamed to do such vicious acts. It should be noted that 47 Pit Bulls were saved from Vick’s property and 45 of them were rehabilitated effectively. One of the remaining 2 was euthanized for health risking factors and the other because of

Nutritional Supplements As Effective As Full Ward Diet Nursing Essay

Nutritional Supplements As Effective As Full Ward Diet Nursing Essay Pressure ulceration has become a common health issue in hospitalized patients and elderly patients living in a long-term care facility. It can be contributed by various factors such as aging, poor nutrition, immobility, and cognitive impairment. A literature review was conducted based on five published research articles. The aim was to investigate the therapeutic relationship between nutritional support and pressure sores healing. The result indicated significant improvement in pressure ulcer healing. Background Aim of the paper The aim of this study is to critically review current literature in order to evaluate the effectiveness of oral nutritional supplement (ONS) in addition to regular food intake in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. Purpose of the paper The purpose of the study is to evaluate whether nutritional supplement helps cure pressure sores or not. Scope of the paper The study is based on research of a variety of existing research articles, journals, surveys, and clinical trials related to pressure ulcer throughout the global. It mainly focuses on individuals aged 65 and over from different continents. Literature Search Strategy The literature review was designed to assess published studies only. The initial search terms included pressure ulcer, nutrition, elderly, protein, arginine, zinc, vitamin C. The time period of the search covered articles published from 2000 to 2011 in English. The major databases used are CINAHL, Pubmed, and Cochrane Collaboration. An assignment marking guide was used to evaluate methodological quality of selected studies and gather useful information at the same time. Research design, description of intervention, outcome measures, results and author conclusions were included in the marking guide. 2.0 Evaluation of the Literature 2.1 Introduction Pressure ulcers, also referred to as pressure sores, decubitus ulcers or bedsores, are defined as an area of localised damage to the skin and underlying tissue caused by pressure, shear force, friction, moisture, and/or a combination of these factors. (Crowe and Brockbank 2009) It commonly occurs in hospitalized patients and elderly adults living in aged care facilities due to impaired mobility, paralysis and malnutrition. This study only focused on the relationship between malnutrition and pressure ulceration. For elderly people specifically, factors contributing to malnutrition include poor appetite, impaired cognition, depression, dependence on assistance with eating, and medications that cause gastrointestinal upset. (Heyman et al. 2008) Therefore, strategies and nursing interventions for adequate nutritional intake have become essential proportion of care for the elderly not only for pressure ulcer management, but also for their overall well-being. Supplying adequate nutritional supplements have been acknowledged to be beneficial in addition to repositioning and wound dressing since they can provide extra nutrients to strengthen tissue resistance and promote tissue repair. (Posthauer 2006) This review evaluated the clinical evidence supporting the use of ONS is beneficial for the elderly with existing pressure sores as part of their management. Five related article consisted of both clinical trials and literature reviews were selected presenting various perspectives. One of these studies provided Level I evidence while other four provided evidence between Level II and level IV. 2.2 Critical Review Level 1 evidence was provided by a systematic review by Holm, Mesch, and Ove (2007) This study conducted 16 peerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœreviewed articles published between 1995 and 2005, with a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis of information. General speaking, the reviewer pointed out that pressure ulcer healing for patients aged 65 and over is strongly associated with individuals nutritional status as well as strategies and nursing interventions implemented by healthcare workers when handling pressure ulcers. First of all, it revealed the significance of nutrition for elderly patients with pressure sores in promoting wound healing and preventing deterioration. Meanwhile, it indicated that the use of pressure relieving mattresses and repositioning were the most commonly used measures for pressure area care. It also reported potential factors such as weight loss, dysphagia, catheters and connection to different kinds of monitoring equipment, which might result in prolong ed ulceration. Moreover, the financial impact on the patient and family related to costly treatment was also discussed in this review. When selecting the articles, the reviewer excluded studies that did not comply with the aim of the review or studies contained subjective opinions. It is reasonable to consider this study to be comprehensive and convincing since it provided logical arguments supported with figures and data collected from those 16 published research articles. The limitation of this study was that the articles selected were published from 1995 to 2005, so that the information gathered might not be up-to-date. Although the study demonstrated the connection between nutrition and pressure ulcer healing, it did not involve the role of protein, arginine, vitamin C and zinc in specific. The results of this study were consistent with the setting of this academic paper because they both focused on patients aged 65 and over. In addition, this article is relevant to the PICO que stion since it talked about the importance of nutrition among elderly patients and its relationship with pressure sores management. The goal of the research paper by Heyman et al. (2008), which provides level III evidence, was to examine the effects of oral nutritional supplements enriched with protein, arginine, vitamin C and zinc in dietary management of pressure ulcers and chronic wounds. This open multicentre trial was conducted among 61 institutional care facilities in Belgium and Luxembourg for a nine-week period and 245 participants, with a mean age of 80, were selected randomly with no exclusion criteria. Each patient received three servings of ONS per day accompanied with standard pressure area care. The result was a 60% reduction in pressure ulcer area after nine weeks. The primary limitation of this study was that it neither attempted to blind nor carry out randomized controlled trials. Hence, factors affecting pressure ulcer healing other than malnutrition had not been eliminated which reduced the reliability of the result. Another limitation was that the exudate levels were not measured objectively, and ruler was used to measure the size of the wound instead of planimetry. All these factors might lead to inaccurate outcomes. Nevertheless, the result of this study was supported by three other studies. These studies indicated that ONS enriched with arginine, zinc and antioxidant vitamins helps accelerate pressure ulcer healing rates. (Benati et al. 2001; Desneves et al. 2005; Soriano et al. 2004) The study by Cereda et al. (2009) aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a disease-specific nutritional treatment enriched in protein, arginine, zinc, and vitamin C compared to full ward diet for enhancing the rate of pressure ulcer healing. It was a twelve-week randomized controlled trial which provided level I evidence. It involved 28 elderly subjects with Stage II, III, and IV pressure ulcers of recent onset from four residential care facilities in Italy. Participants were divided into two groups and both groups received exactly same amount of daily nutritional support. However, one of the groups was provided with standard full ward diet while the other group was administered a 400-mL oral supplement or specific enteral formula enriched with protein, arginine, zinc, and vitamin C in addition to the standard diet. The result reflected that there was a 72% decrease in pressure ulcer area after 12 weeks of receiving ONS. This study concluded that disease-specific nutritional support is feasible and beneficial in promoting the healing of pressure ulcers. Furthermore, a secondary research article written by Crowe and Brockbank (2009) investigated the role of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. The function and mechanisms of protein, arginine, and micronutrients in wound healing process had been discussed respectively in this study. It also cited a variety of existing studies to support its arguments. The study concluded that high-protein oral nutritional supplements played an essential role in minimizing the incidence of pressure ulcers in susceptible elderly patients. The role of arginine, vitamin C and zinc in pressure ulcer healing, on the other hand, was not very clear stated by Crowe and Brockbank due to limitation in sample size and heterogenous study design of current studies. Although some studies reported that arginine, Vitamin C and zinc can promote muscle and collagen synthesis which increase the strength of the wound and help the body maintain a healthy immune system (Fleishman 2005), confirmatory studies are needed to support current clinical evidence. The major down side of this study was absence of critical analysis of information gathered from clinical trials used. Nevertheless, nutritional support was considered to be beneficial and effective in enhancing pressure ulcer healing after all. In addition, the conclusion that nutritional supplement rich in protein speeded up pressure ulcer healing rate was consistent with another study by Breslow et al. (1993) Breslow et al. (1993), another level III evidence, investigated 28 malnourished elderly patients living in residential care facility with existing pressure sores for eight weeks. It aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary protein on healing of pressure ulcers in malnourished patients. The result indicated that participants who received supplemental nutritional formulas containing 24% protein displayed a faster rate of wound healing in contrast to those received formulas containing 14% protein. Therefore, it was reasonable to believe that supplemental protein aided in pressure ulcer healing process. However, because of the time of this study being conducted, the novelty and reliability of the information provided might be doubted. Based on the findings of this review, additional nutritional supplement enriched with protein, arginine, vitamin C and zinc had been proved to be effective in promoting pressure ulcer healing. The implementation of specialised nutritional support was recommended for elderly patients suffering from chronic pressure ulcers. Moreover, patients having difficulty swallowing, cognitive impairment are at risk of malnourishment so nutritional supplement should be considered despite of no existing pressure ulcer. (Cereda et al.2009) Besides, although nutritional supplementation aided the wound to heal, it was not an entire part of pressure ulcer management. In order to prevent and treat pressure sores quickly and effectively, it is essential to combine nutritional support with wound management, use of pressure-relieving devices as well as repositioning techniques. (Heyman et al. 2008) 3.0 Evaluation of the Main Research Article 3.1 The study overview The study, Benefi ts of an oral nutritional supplement on pressure ulcer healing in long-term care residents, by Heyman et al. (2008) aimed to investigate the effects of combine oral nutritional supplement high in protein, arginine, vitamin C and zinc with standard care on the healing of pressure ulcers in nursing home residents compare to standard care solely. This nine-week trial was conducted in Luxembourg and Belgium and 245 patients with grade II-IV pressure ulcers were involved. During the study, participants were provided with the ONS daily for nine weeks, in addition to their normal diet or enteral feed. Standard pressure care was provided to each patient. Pressure ulcer area (mm2) and condition were assessed after three and nine weeks. (Heyman et al. 2008) Patients received 200ml ONS per daily which contained 46g protein,6.9g arginine, 575mg vitamin C, 87mg vitamin E and 21mg zinc. The result indicated that there was a remarkable decrease in pressure ulcer area, with 53%, at the end of the trial. Complete wound closure occurred after three and nine weeks in 7% and 20% of the pressure ulcers respectively. 3.2 Type of article and level of evidence This article is a quantitative primary research article because all the data was collected by the authors themselves by performing a clinical trial. It is a case control study rather than a randomized controlled trial since it involved large number of subjects so that the randomness and suitability of participants selected diminished. Nevertheless, the study demonstrated comparison by monitoring changes of conditions and improvements of the wound. The pressure ulcer area was measured three times throughout the trial: at the beginning, after three weeks, and at the end. Therefore, this study provided level III evidence. (The Royal Melbourne Hospital 2009) 3.3 The study design This was an open multicenter case-control study, in which 245 patients with different grades of pressure ulcers participated. Three servings of oral nutritional supplements were provided for every patient and wound healing process was monitored and assessed by measuring pressure ulcer area using rulers. Patient medical history and characteristics of existing wounds were gathered to be baseline information at the beginning of the trial. All measurements were performed by a single practitioner at each center in order to minimize subjectivity of data collected. (Heyman et al. 2008) 3.4 Statistical analysis Data are expressed as mean  ± standard deviation. Data were statistically analysed using ANOVA. Pressure ulcer data were log-transformed using a mixed-effects model to compare changes in pressure ulcer area over time. SGS Life Science Services Clinical Research (Bierges-Wavre, Belgium) performed the data entry, verification and statistical analysis. (Heyman et al. 2008) 3.5 Outcomes/Results for Nurse and Patient During the study period, the average intake of the ONS recorded was 2.3  ± 0.56 servings per day. After three weeks, the mean pressure ulcer area decreased from 1580  ± 3743mm2 to 1103  ± 2999mm2 and further reduction displayed to 743  ± 1809mm2 at the end of the trial, a 53% decrease compared to baseline. Additionally, Complete wound closure occurred after three and nine weeks in 16 (7%) and 49 (20%) of the pressure ulcers respectively. There was also a remarkable decline in exudates levels. At baseline, they were reported as mild, moderate and severe in 54 (33%), 61 (25%) and 32 (13%) of the pressure ulcers respectively, while after nine weeks this had reduced to 81 (22%), 34 (14%) and 10 (4%) respectively.(Heyman et al. 2008) Also, the oral nutritional supplements were accepted by most of participants. Eight out of ten patients did not complain about being given three servings per day and roughly 80% of the patients drank more than half of the ONS at each serving. On the o ther hand, in ten health practitioners involved in this study, nine of them expressed that they would use ONS as part of their pressure ulcer management regimen. (Heyman et al. 2008) 3.6 Limitations and Gaps Although the study involved large number of participants which roughly reflect the nursing-home population of Luxembourg and Belgium, there was no excluded criteria when selecting the participants. As a consequence, various factors such as medical history of diabetes or peripheral vascular disease can prolong wound healing and influence the outcome of the study. 3.7 Recommendations for Further Research The essentiality of conducting further studies has been pointed out to evaluate whether the implementation of oral nutritional supplements is cost-effective and suitable for all patients with pressure ulcers. 4.0 Conclusion Based on the findings from studies provided above, it is reasonable to consider the use of oral nutritional supplements enriched with protein, arginine, vitamin C and zinc as an effective and beneficial intervention in pressure ulcer management. Nevertheless, it is important to administer the ONS combined with other interventions including appropriate wound management and regular repositioning to promote pressure ulcer healing.

Health Care Reform Essay -- essays research papers

From FDR’s New Deal to Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society, the United States government has attempted to centralize extensive social policies. In the early eighties, when recession and inflation were at a high, Ronald Reagan took office and pronounced that the federal government needed to take a lesser role in the lives of the American people. As Theda Skocpol comments in her book Boomerang: Clinton’s Health Security Effort and the Turn Against Government in U.S. Politics, the Reagan administration instilled a dislike of centralized government in the American people. This was a major reason, according to Skocpol, why the Clinton Administration failed to nationalize â€Å"Health Security†. It was this fear of centralized government and Clinton’s failure to reform Health Care that makes a more centralized social policy unlikely in the near future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There has been a necessity in the twentieth century (due in part to the Great Depression and World War II) for big government. The legislation behind Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal called for the involvement of the federal government to create a highly bureaucratic social policy. The combination of Roosevelt’s political assertiveness and society’s willingness to allow such centralization that made big government possible. The laissez-faire mentality of the twenties was seen as the cause of the depression. The federal government and the ensuing reforms were seen as a way of insuring economic security. In the sixti...

Use of Technology in Teaching Essay -- education, pedagogical approach

In this paper I will introduce you to my reflections that helped influence my pedagogical approach in the use of technology to address my learner needs. I will deliberate how this impacted on my current and future teaching, learning and assessment practices. I aim to discuss technological advances in my industry, which is health, and how this impacts on my students now and into the future. I will explain ways I made adjustments in the use of technology within my teaching area to better meet both mine and the student’s needs. My goal is to explain the strategies I will use to strengthen this area for ongoing development and how this will help in making adjustments to specific occupational and personal needs of my students. Reflections on past, current and future approach in the use of technology I would like to discuss how I went from delivering a face to face class of 12 students to today having over 100 students externally using technology as my main delivery method. Lets go back to the beginning of my delivery of a Certificate IV level in the health area. I started at my workplace by being given a qualification to deliver, and nothing much else. I wrote the material required for a face to face class, as that is all that I knew to do at the time. I did this for over a few years in which time I collated a reasonable amount of feedback from both my current and prospective students. This started me on a journey of critical reflection resulting in distant and online delivery. Looking back on my reflective practice approaches and journey, I have come a long way but still have a way to go. John Dewey’s vision in1923, was â€Å"School should be less of a preparation for life and more like life itself.† (Dewey, 1923) Although he was... ...reditation MIMS Australia . (2013). Retrieved from MIMS Australia : http://www.mims.com.au/index.php/products/product-overview Dewey, J. (1923). Democracy and Education-An introduction to the Pilosophy of Education. Los Angeles, Calafornia: Indo European Publishing. Martha Burkle, M. C.-I. (2013, January). Defining the role adjument profile of learners and instructors online. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks,, 17(1), 73 -87. Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (2005). Distance Education: A Systems View of online learning. Belmont,CA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Rory McGreal, M. E. (2011). Technologies of online learning (E-Learning). In T. Anderson (Ed.), The Theory and Practice of Online Learning. Edmonton: Au Press, Athabasca University. Rushton, I. S. (2012). Reflective Practice For Teaching In Lifelong Learning. Maidenhead, GBR: Open University Press.

Class or Mass Case

Class – or Mass Case Study ? A. Executive Summary Neptune Gourmet Seafood, North America’s third-largest seafood producer’s inventory had shot up to 60 days’ supply – twice the normal level and three times what it had been a year ago. The problem with excess inventory can cause numerous deficiencies such as tight up of cash and loss of margins. During an executive meeting of Neptune’s top management, each executive has a different opinion in presenting a strategic solution.My recommendation is to offer two additional product lines besides the current line that’s targeting at quality seekers. The three – brand strategy strives to acquire the highest market share focusing at three distinct segments eliminating the major issue of excessive inventory while allowing Neptune to operate at its full capacity serving all segments. B. Situation Analysis Summary Jim Hargrove has become overly concerned about the excess inventory because of the advanced technology the company has adopted.Neptune was able to capture more seafood than other company. The root cause analysis suggests that the underlying cause of the problem is Neptune’s limited number of targeted segment. (Appendix D) Because of this, Neptune is overlooking other potential segments that might bring a significant profit to the firm. A summary of top executives’ opinions about the problem presented can be found in Appendix A – Stakeholder analysis.C. Importance of Decision The decision of whether to reduce price or launch new product line is important, and its implication will result in major consequences to Neptune. If the wrong decision is made such as reducing price, a significant loss in profit will harm Neptune in the short term while the negative effect will permanently destroy the brand image of Neptune in the long term. This will take Neptune years to recover.

Work Is a Blessing

In â€Å"Work Is A Blessing† by Russel Honore, he talks about how he found out that work really is a blessing. Living in a family of 12 children, he had to get a job and the age of 12, he complained about this job to his grandpa and dad. They told him that work is a blessing. It took him years to understand this statement. Russel attended college but he had to get a job to pay for it. The job at ROTC was a requirement at first, but later turned into a way of life.Honore was in Bangladesh and saw a woman working. What really made him pay action to this woman was that she was breaking bricks with a hammer and she had a baby on her back. He asked his partner why they don’t get a machine to do that; and the men told him that if they did that the woman would lose her job and not have a way to feed her family. Honore then realized that to work is really a blessing. In this story he talks about how working is a great achievement, even if it isn’t best job.Getting a job that anyone may not like is better than not having a job at all. I had a job as a cook and I didn’t like the job very much, but I just dealt with it. It was a starter job that helped me pay for a couple of things that I needed to help me get to college. I didn’t like the boss and didn’t like the coworkers but that didn’t change the fact that I was one person out of so many who got a job when I really needed one. According to Honore when people don’t have a job they are not free.Which I believe he is right on this. Have you ever had a moment when you couldn’t buy something because you didn’t have money? Well, that just proves you’re not free. No matter what, in life anyone will have to pay for something. Honore retired from the Army but still works. He helps people to prepare for a disaster. He also plans on getting into a little farming someday. Honore says he will never stop working. Thought out Honore years he has learned to appreciate his father’s words.

What is Medical Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology?

Radiology diagnostic imaging is an important tool for appropriate therapy planning and for clinical diagnosis of diseases. However, in recent years, there has been an increase of requests require diagnosis by radiation (Siciliano, 2017). So, as the use of radiation increase and become very important in evaluate and diagnose pathology, it become essentially importance to focus on its risks, especially in pediatric. In young person's, exposure to ionizing radiation must kept low as can as possible, because their tissues are highly radiosensitive. In this age radiation induce risks is relatively high as tissues mitosis rates are high. As a result, it is fundamentally more vulnerable to damage than inactive tissues, it cause DNA metabolism damaged by radiation. The radiation risk is therefore highest in infancy and early childhood. Children, who have many years left to live (life expectancy), are more likely than adults to develop radiation-induced cancer; also, as future parents, they are at risk for passing on radiation-induced genetic defects to the next generation. (AlzenandBenz-Bohm,2011). For these reasons, whenever possible, radiological studies on children should replace by other imaging modality that does not involve radiation such as, magnetic resonance or ultrasound imaging. Pediatric conventional X-rays and computerized tomography (CT) require special examining protocols and techniques sets by the radiology department that are suitable to the patient's age and to the indication for the study in order to prevent the patient from unnecessary dose (Siciliano, 2017). This article is to discuss the principles of radiation protection for pediatric in general radiography, components of equipment using in the plain radiograph and it's function in lowering radiation dose in pediatric patient, the role of radiographer, technical and radiation exposure consideration in this issue with clinical example to evaluate the radiation dose for some common pediatric x-ray examination performed by digital radiography system. Body The attention of the medical communities and scientific has greatly focused on the biological effects of ionizing radiations and, in general, on the radiation protection. The purpose of these studies is to provide protection and health for persons who are subjected to radiation exposure especially for pediatric patient (Siciliano, 2017. â€Å"searches estimated that exposure to radiation in the first ten years of life induces a risk two to three times higher than exposures incurred between thirty and forty years of age†( Siciliano, 2017 pp.134) . In particular, the pediatric patient in this age they are still growing so ,they are more radiosensitive than an adult (and having a longer life expectancy), therefore, â€Å"the probability of health effects by IR in a child is three times greater than that of an adult†(Siciliano,2017) . A child's body differ in some respects from adult's body. Actually, pediatric body is short and wide in contrary, to the adult body which is long and less broad. If the trunk of small child's body is X-rayed, the shape of the body make it difficult to avoid non-require part from irradiate that's because the larger areas of the body lie within the radiation field and are consequently, more affected by scattered radiation. (Alzen and Benz-Bohm ,2011) . That is mean for example if trunk is x-rayed, other parts like extremities will be affected by scatter radiation. Tissue, which is at high risk of damage by radiation such as hematopoietic bone marrow, differ in location between adults and infants. â€Å"In adults, 74% (spine, ribs, and pelvis) is located in the trunk, and only 9% in the extremities. In infants, 29% is located in the trunk and 35% in the extremities†(Alzen and Benz-Bohm ,2011.pp.408). This indicates that child hematopoietic bone marrow distributes widely in all parts of the body. That is why we must to reduce the dose to the pediatric patient. The use of radiation in pediatric radiology must be minimize as can as possible in order to protect child patient form radiation induce risk or try to lower the radiation dose by following certain criteria in pediatric imaging particularly in examinations that require more radiation and more than one projection such as skeletal survey. Equipment use in general radiography: Equipment that carry general examinations have an essential role in reducing the dose to the young patients. Most digital radiography (DR) now are sufficient in lowering patient radiation dose compared to screen-film radiography and previous used equipment but reverse is also possible (uffmann, 2009). Because the modern DR system have detectors with higher detective quantum efficiency (CsI:TI/a-Si DR detectors )it become able to improve image quality with less radiation dose(Knight,2014). This system use technique of raising the KVP and lowering the mAs which responsible to the radiation dose (Knight,2014) . This fact make it perfect to use in pediatric radiography. However, in digital system blackening of film at higher dose not exist in the radiograph as this will lead to unnoticed increase in dose over time when using digital system with manual tube sitting(uffmann, 2009). To overcome this problem, the radiographer can manipulate exposure factor and select it carefully without affecting the image quality (Knight,2014). The radiographer have an important role in lowering radiation dose and provide radiation safety to the pediatric patients using several methods and techniques for maximum protection while obtaining optimum diagnostic image.Wearing colorful uniforms to gain child trust and make them cooperative (Sulieman,2015) .Obtain good position by positioning the patient correctly in close contact with the cassata to prevent scatter radiation and repetition (AlzenandBenz-Bohm,2011).Use the infant holder rather than let someone to hold and give unnecessary radiation to that person (AlzenandBenz-Bohm,2011).Adjust optimum exposure factor.Using of immobilization device will avoid movement and repetition of image.Apply gonad protection will lead to reduce the dose absorbed by testicular by up to 95%. Protecting ovaries will lower the dose up to 50% (Sulieman,2015)Preparing the patient perfectly to avoid any appearance of artifact in the image which will cause to repeat the image and consequently increa sing the dose.There is a lot of consideration and techniques must be follow to lower the radiation dose to young patient. ALARA principle (as low as reasonably achievable) is an important techniques to achieve the optimum dose for an X-ray examination in pediatric radiography while obtaining good image quality. Firstly, should to consider in tube voltage use for each examination. As the result of smaller and thinner body of children than adult then the dose deliver to the child must be lower (Alzen and Benz-Bohm,2011). The American Society of Radiologic Technologists(ASRT)white paper says â€Å"using the highest kVp with the lowest amount of mAs is needed to provide an adequate exposure to the image receptor and therefore decrease amount of attenuation and dose to the patient is the best technique for pediatric in digital imaging† (Stephen,2014) . In addition, the authors' research has shown that using an additional tube filter of 1mm aluminum (Al) and 0.1 to 0.2 mm copper (Cu) for pediatric radiography will result in decreasing the surface dose by half. Also using proper collimation help to minimize primary and scatter radiation. Karami.et.al,(2016) focused on the essential role of increasing the X-ray focus to film distance (FFD) in lowering the radiation dose to the chest in general pediatric radiography. Study shown that is increasing FFD from 100 cm to 130 cm its effective to reduce patient radiation dose. Specifically, following special technique when imaging chest x-ray in pediatric is very important. The breast tissue in this age is very sensitive to the ionizing radiation. Therefore, a PA chest technique is favorable if the patient is cooperate and can perform it (Sulieman,2015). This to prevent this sensitive tissue from primary beam. . Table 1. Briefly, demonstrate the techniques of pediatric patient protection in plain film radiography. This case study was done in SQU Hospital for 7 months old male patient come to the department for skeletal survey. He has skeletal abnormality from birth. Doctor requested to do AP and lateral skull, AP chest, AP spine, AP pelvic, AP full lower limb, AP feet, AP both upper extremities, PA both hands. There was absence of right hand and forearm and meromelia â€Å"which is a partial absence of part of the limbs†(Nayak S et al.2016,pp pp106-108) of right upper limb with normal appearance of right humerus, right humerus is slightly smaller compared to left humerus. As many projection was done I compared the radiation dose (DAP) given for some part with the standard dose should give to the pediatric patient in plain radiograph a according to diagram below. In AP skull the patient get 1.41 dGycm2 (14.1 µGy.m2) and for lateral skull 0.400 dGycm2 (4  µGy.m2).Dose considered high in AP skull compared to the standard, this due improper selection of exposure factor. In contrary, lateral skull dose its optimum. Also an image for humerus was repeated and expose patient again due to poor immobilization and movement of the patient that cause increased dose to the patient. In conclusion, protecting child from radiation is necessary for many reasons; the most important one is because of their tissue sensitivity as they still in growth stage and does not mature yet. As result they will be more vulnerable to radiation induce risk and the radiation effect noticeble more in them. Pediatric group are more likely than other age group of society to be irradiated for several reasons, one of them is that, child in this age become sick or get disease easily therefore, they need sometimes for x-ray for accurate diagnosis. Researchers and those who are interested in radiology done many studies in this topic and they found that, there is many methods and ways to reduce dose to the pediatric patient some of this ways come with the machine and some based on radiographers. For example reducing exposure factors, use gonad protection, immobilization device in addition to perform spatial techniques in imaging pediatric patient.

Management consulting-To what extent is it realistic to expect Essay

Management consulting-To what extent is it realistic to expect consultancies to act ethically - Essay Example Consulting is defined as a practice that involves use of multiple talents and expertise to help solve issues in organizations. In the present business environment business consultants have a very important role that provides them with a good influential position in an organization. This has given rise to many ethical aspects that have emerged after a series of frauds that have come to light recently over the few years (Wang, 2008, p.56). The recent case of Mr. Rajat Gupta involved in a series of corporate frauds and unethical practices illustrates the aspect of unethical practices being used by consultants worldwide. The famous and influential consultant who happened to be the managing director of Mc Kinsey and Co illegally and unethically started a parallel consultancy that had his family members in the top management. Mr. Gupta reportedly indulged in unethical practices like leaking sensitive information and insider trading to get unexercised options worth 1.3 million dollars from GE’s subsidiary arm Genpact (Monadnock Research, 2011). It has also been reported that it is the middle management persons that are most often involved in cases of frauds and unethical practices in business organizations (Monadnock Research-a, 2011). ... In the age of capitalism it has often been stated that consultants and consultancies largely act as certifying agents. The auditors largely acted as an assurance agent for external investors and general public towards the aspect of ethicality and trustworthiness of the business organizations. This aspect in itself has given considerable powers and high status to the consultants who normally act as auditors for business organizations (Sikka, 2009, p.3). With the passage of time since the industrial revelation the world has seen many reforms that also include better surveillance and control by the regulatory authorities on public organizations as well as the financial institutions like banks and stock markets. The growth of business organizations was also followed by a commensurate growth in the consultancy industry. However the aspect of regulations and monitoring was completely absent for this sector that has perhaps led to the growth of unethical practices in the industry (Mahoney, 2011, p.5). The aspect of unethical aspect in the consulting industry has been often traced to the aspect of individualism in the industry. It is a common practice in the consulting industry to make individual consultants accountable for their activities that also includes the aspect of providing accolades for their performances. This has been identified as one of the major reasons for the growing influence of the consultants that in turn has given rise to unethical practise in the industry. This aspect of unethical means has also led to the growth of a popular feeling with regards to the trustworthiness of the consultants with regards to their practices in the industry (Mahoney, 2011, p.3). The trustworthy perception of

Account 4 manager task number4 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Account 4 manager task number4 - Research Paper Example Future sustenance of the organization becomes a question mark if this process continues for a long time. To curb this, a series of planned efforts need to be taken up like: As per estimations, the company intended to spend 70% of the fees revenue while the actuals record a 10% jump to that figure. A total of 80% of fees revenue was diverted towards expenditure. This measurement speaks of the inefficiency of the management. It has failed to control its costs effectively. Analysis of costs: Costs usually are fixed and variable in nature. The fixed costs are those which need to be incurred irrespective of fees revenue up to some extent. Salaries and rent come under this category. Their control is a very difficult decision and is dependent on the stakeholder’s agreeability. If they agree so, the salaries could be altered either for a quarter or for a long period by 10%. Subletting the premises may be thought upon to reduce the rent outgo. However, the rental cost is quite minimal and emphasis should be put on reducing the salary payout. Regular monitoring and control of costs: To aid in such achievement, regular monitoring of resources has to be taken up. Management of resources has to be done efficiently. Prepaid and accruals need to be rightly treated. Right expenditure has to be analyzed through the help of mini budgets, graph charts and percentage analysis. It should be ensured that the costs are controlled and fit into the planned budget estimates. What data is used for analysis of the effectiveness of the management: A thorough measurement, analysis and monitoring of costs, can analyze the effectiveness of the management. To be more precise, fixed and variable costs have to be apportioned properly. This data can help us to take rational decisions on cost cutting methodologies. Improvements to existing processes: It is imperative that the organization needs to improve its financial position with immediate effect.

Regional Integration for and Against Articles Article

Regional Integration for and Against Articles - Article Example Regional integration is a powerful concept that enhances coordination and formulation of coherent operating policies in diverse facets of operation. It is set with an aim of advancing economic performance and achievement of exemplary benefits by the member states. Evidently, most of the countries are organizing themselves into various economic blocks, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), for example, in order to boost productivity and social coherence. The nations recognize that sound economic integration is a central pillar in ensuring absolute achievement of the aspired performance levels. Nations that seek to operate effective commercial activities with clear-cut goals should organize themselves into vibrant trading blocks. Hill (2005), a renowned writer and economist, gives insightful information that focus on the imperativeness of economic integration between nations as a performance measure. He asserted that nations with strong performance aspirations and expansion ideals should embrace conventional methods of engagement and execution of business operations. This is to facilitate the formulation of strong economic policies, trading guidelines, political agreements and creation of common markets. The elements are critical in advancing exemplary performance, since the development of coherent trading policies open up exchange of products with limited bottlenecks. As stated, building a vibrant economy with adequate job opportunities for the citizens, good infrastructure and ideal GDP performance cannot be achieved in isolation due to the present dynamic complications.

8 short essays no more than 1000 words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

8 short essays no more than 1000 words - Essay Example The failure of a developed education system hinders innovations, decision-making processes and mismanagement of funds. Developed education will change the world since it will also provide equal opportunities for all due to globalization. Business will also benefit from developed education since the major players know what is best for the economy and the industries they are operating thus limiting exploitation. Education is the basic element for societal and industrial development. Acquiring a degree in an economic and business program is a huge step to help me change the world. This degree will equip me with analytical skills, leadership skills, better judgments and decision-making. These values are essential in formulating the best way to assist my government to develop a better education system that will equip the youths with important knowledge that will raise their living standards, make them more innovative knowing that improving their earnings will improve the economy of the country (Avery, Walker & Murphy, 2001). Lack of qualified personnel in major government offices is a major contributor of developing countries suffering during any global crisis. Acquiring this degree will be the first step towards being employed in the government finance office, treasury or corporation whereby I will use the acquired skills to prove to the government the need of changing and developing the educ ation system. I would help the government in major decision-making processes and ensure more funds are invested in developing education. In the next 10 years, technological changes will affect business in various ways both positively and negatively. The Internet is a major technological change that has shaped the current globalization strategy by easing communication thus ensuring that companies can sell or advertise their products via the internet. The companies thus lower advertisement costs. The buyers benefit from

Arab News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Arab News - Essay Example "Traditional rule in the emirates generally has been patriarchal, with political allegiance defined in terms of loyalty to the tribal leaders. Political leaders in the emirates are not elected, but citizens may express their concerns directly to their leaders via traditional mechanisms, such as the open majlis, or council" (Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2001).According to the Constitution, Federal Supreme Council consists of the seven emirate leaders, which means, all regions have approximately equal access to legislative process. The Council elects President and Vice President directly among its members, and President is entitled to select Cabinet and Prime Minister. In spite of the well-known fact that emirate leaders normally meet in informal settings, the Constitution obliges them to assemble annually and determine legislation, country budget and further social policy. The Cabinet controls and manages the Federation on a daily basis, and the Federal National Council, the major advisory body, constitute a link between the Council and the Cabinet, as FNC officials are expected to provide consulting services to emirate leaders and make queries to the Cabinet, even though FNC has no legislative rights. Every region maintains control over its oil and mineral resources, local economic issues, inter-emirate trade and some aspects of local and regional security. The central Government declares dominance in terms of international affairs, defense strategies, and progressively more in terms of law and the provision of certain government services to population (bbc.co.uk, 2006). Judicial branch in UAE is mostly independent, but the court system is subordinated and in some sense managed by the federal Government, in particular, international cases and all events and crimes, associated with terrorism. Policing in United Arab Emirates is comparatively independent, since each region has its own internal police force, but they all are accountable to hierarchically vertically higher structures. The federation supports the establishment of free commerce and has market economy, basically maintained by oil and natural gas trade as well as light industry, like textiles and garments manufacturing. Abu Dhabi, the largest emirate is economic and political center, as the majority of petrol production businesses are situated in this region. The Emirate of Dubai is likewise an oil producer, as well as a growing financial and commercial center in the Gulf. "The remaining five emirates have negligible petroleum or other resources and therefore depend in varying degrees on federal government subsidies, particularly for basic services such as health care, electricity, water, and education. The economy provides citizens with a high per capita income, but it is heavily dependent on foreign workers, who constitute at least 80 percent of the general population" (Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2001). Human rights in UAE are respected, but in fact not realized completely. For instance, there are some biases at governmental level, which support patriarchate and male domination, and correspondingly, there are almost no business or educational newspapers, intended for women. Furthermore, the Government rejects the citizens' right to change or elect authorities, and the press and television still omit or avoid direct criticism of authorities, as the most popular and available newspapers are government-oriented

War on Terrorism Essay Example for Free

War on Terrorism Essay During the year 1998, a group of American ‘neoconservatives’ openly wrote to President Clinton to attack Iraq. This group was known as the Committee for Peace and Security in the Gulf. They were in real sense calling for the Americans to form part of a proxy army of attack for Israel. The signatories included Paul Wolforitz, Richard Perle and Eliot Abrams among others. Of course Clinton resisted these ventures and instead indicated support for the Iraq Liberation Act providing $ 97 million for training and equipping Iraqi exile groups. Come 2000, this particular group went ahead to organize the think tank the Project for the New American Century con cofounded by the likes of Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld, Lewis Libby and Paul Wolforwitz (Flum, 2008). A Break with Previous United States Foreign and Defense Policy During this time, three think tanks which were pro-Israel were championing similar ideas: The Jewish Institute for national Security Affairs (JINSA), The Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), as well as the Center for Security Policy (CSP). These neoconservatives formed an integral part of the Bush 2000 presidential campaign as foreign-policy advisors (Flum, 2008). At this point in time, these powerful personalities easily influenced Bush with the ideological obsessions they had. What can be said here is that the Operation Iraqi Freedom, a description given to the invasion and occupation of Iraq by the U. S and affiliates represents a new dimension with regards to post-conflict humanitarian action. This new approach integrates security, humanitarian response, reconstruction as well as governance under the umbrella of the Department of Defense. The war on terrorism represents a break with previous United States foreign and defense policy to the extent that the UN agencies and non governmental organizations which conventionally had coordinated and implemented humanitarian assistance as well as post conflict reconstruction activities, are now relegated only to playing supportive roles within efforts supervised from the Pentagon (Charny, 2003). Again the war on terrorism represents a break with previous United States foreign and defense policy to the extent that the Iraq war is perceived as an expression of a new national security policy of pre-emptive self defense by the Bush administration (Charny, 2003). In spite of this new perception, it has there seems to be no public discussion of the long-term implications of the new approach to humanitarian assistance and post-conflict reconstruction the administration has embraced. Still, this break with the previous U. S foreign and defense policy is evident in the way humanitarian assistance has been militarized, the military given political, diplomatic and humanitarian responsibilities as well as the fact that donor government and independent agency contributions have been minimized. It has been argued that it is unclear the extent to which these new approaches can be considered new U. S doctrines more so regarding humanitarian emergencies. A discussion concerning NGO’s with Joseph Collins, the assistant secretary of Defense and the person charged with running the pentagon’s Stability Office clearly suggests that at least in the meantime, the Department of Defense will lead humanitarian operations in emergencies surrounding the military. According to Dr. Collins, the taking over of the humanitarian and reconstruction activities in the post-conflict Iraq by the Pentagon is a reflection of the assessment of lessons learned from post-conflict reconstruction efforts (Charny, 2003). In the opinion of Dr Collins, there lacked a clear overall authority who could coordinate the diverse players like the government leaders, UN agencies and personnel, as well as the peacekeeping forces among others, thereby plaguing the efforts in Kosovo and Afghanistan. Following those events, the conclusion of the Pentagon was that there was a need for a single unit to command all the aspects of the post-conflict response, thus placing these activities in the hands of the Department of Defense (Charny, 2003). This is a further illustration of the way the war on terrorism represents a break with previous United States foreign and defense policy. Conclusion In the final analysis, all these attempts represent a radical shift in the multicultural character of post-conflict endeavors over the past years in areas like Cambodia, East Timor, Afghanistan and the Balkans. It therefore means that the war on terrorism represents a break with previous United States foreign and defense policy. It should be noted however that this approach has not yielded positive results in Iraq. The Pentagon’s Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (ORHA) did not include the UN and the NGO’s during its pre-war planning. The overall implication for this has been the ORHA’s slowness in restoring basic services as well as its failure to establish a legitimate Iraqi authority to locally run the state (Charny, 2003). References Charny, J. R. (2003). The United States in Iraq: An Experiment With Unilateral Humanitarianism. Institute for Policy Studies, (IPS); Foreign Policy in Focus, Washington DC. Retrieved December 29, 2008 from http://www. fpif. org/commentary/2003/0306dodreconst_body. html Flum, P. (2008). The Origins of the Iraqi War: The ‘Neoconservative’ Agenda for Middle East Conflict. Linpage Place, St. Louis. Retrieved December 29, 2008 from http://www. goalsforamericans. org/2004/07/07/the-origins-of-the-iraq-war-the-neoconservative-agenda-for-middle-east-conflict/